07-13-2025, 01:59 PM
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Benjamin Harvey Hill (September 14, 1823 – August 16, 1882) was a U.S. Representative, U.S. senator and a Confederate senator from the state of Georgia.
Early life
Hill was born September 14, 1823, in Hillsboro, Georgia, in Jasper County. He was of Welsh and Irish American ancestry. He attended the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, where he was a member of the Demosthenian Literary Society and graduated in 1844 with first honors. He was admitted to the Georgia bar later in 1844. He married Caroline E. Holt in Athens, in 1845.
Early career
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Hill's home, Bellevue
Hill was a candidate representing a number of parties, reflecting the volatile politics before the American Civil War and after. He was elected to the state legislature of Georgia in 1851 as a member of the Whig Party. He supported Millard Fillmore running on the Know-Nothing ticket in 1856, and was an elector for that party in the Electoral College. In 1857, he ran for governor of Georgia unsuccessfully against the Democratic nominee Joseph E. Brown. In 1859, he was elected to the state senate as a Unionist. In 1860, he was again an elector, this time for John Bell and the Unionist party.
Hill known as "the peerless orator" for his skill in delivering speech, was the only non-Democratic member of the Georgia secession convention on January 16, 1861, where he spoke publicly against the dissolution of the Union, along with Alexander Stephens, a former opponent. Following Stephens' highly regarded argument based on a conservative reading of the Constitution, Hill struck a more pragmatic tone. His arguments related to the conservative belief that disunion would ultimately lead to the abolition of slavery and the downfall of Southern society.
He quoted Henry Ward Beecher, a Northern abolitionist who enthusiastically supported the dissolution of the Union as a means to end slavery, and described the anti-slavery Republican Party as a "disunionist" party, in contrast to the "Union men and Southern men" participating in the convention. Acknowledging the need to respond to the threat of Lincoln's election, Hill argued that his fellow Georgians should continue to resist Lincoln democratically within the bounds of the Constitution. He compared this course to George Washington, "so cool, so brave, and so thoughtful." He argued that the Northern states would eventually follow the British course of rising abolitionist thought, followed by acceptance again of slavery due to economic necessity. But he allowed that the South should prepare for secession and war if it should become necessary.
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Hill voted against secession, but became a political ally of Jefferson Davis, who was elected as president of the Confederacy. When the Confederate government was formed, Hill transferred to the Confederate Provisional Congress. He was subsequently elected by the Georgia legislature to the Confederate States Senate, a term which he held throughout its existence.
At one point in the Senate, Hill and fellow Senator William Lowndes Yancey had to be separated by other members after a bloody scuffle on the floor.
At the end of the Civil War, Hill was arrested as a Confederate official by the Union and confined in Fort Lafayette from May until July in 1865.
Later career
Unlike many Confederate politicians, Hill had a long and distinguished career as a "reconstructed" Southerner and U.S. politician. He ultimately became a Democrat after the Civil War ended. He spoke out passionately against Radical Reconstruction and in the summer of 1867 made a series of speeches in Atlanta, the most famous being the Davis House speech of July 16, 1867, denouncing the Reconstruction Acts of 1867. His courage and eloquence enhanced his regional fame and won him national recognition.
In 1875, he was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives, serving from May 5, 1875 - March 3, 1877. He quickly won a reputation as a spokesman for the South. He was later elected by the Georgia legislature to the U.S. Senate on January 26, 1877, as Reconstruction was ending. He served in the U.S. Senate from March 4, 1877, until his death on August 16, 1882. His obituary was featured on the front page of the Atlanta Constitution, on August 17, 1882.
Death
Hill is buried in historic Oakland Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia.
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Legacy
There is a life-size statue of Hill looking down from atop a similarly sized plinth inside the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta, Georgia, as well as a larger than life portrait in the Capitol Rotunda. Ben Hill County, Georgia is named in his honor.
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William Allen Fuller (April 15, 1836 – December 28, 1905) was a conductor on the Western & Atlantic Railroad during the American Civil War era. He was most noted for his role in the 1862 Great Locomotive Chase, a daring sabotage mission and raid conducted by soldiers of the Union Army in northern Georgia. Fuller's determined pursuit prevented the Union agents from driving a captured train north to Tennessee and the Union lines.
Early life
Fuller was born at Morrow Station in rural Henry County, Georgia, to William Alexander Fuller. He was educated in local schools and married quite young.
He began working for the Western & Atlantic Railroad on September 8, 1855, at the age of 19. By the beginning of the Civil War in 1861, Fuller served as a conductor on trains running from Atlanta.
Great Locomotive Chase
On the morning of April 12, 1862, the locomotive General was stopped at Big Shanty (now Kennesaw, Georgia) so that the crew and passengers could have breakfast. While they were dining in the Lacey Hotel, Federal spy James J. Andrews and his party of Union volunteers commandeered the General, its tender, and a few boxcars and steamed northward. An astonished Fuller chased the stolen train by foot and then by handcar. At Etowah, Fuller commandeered another locomotive, the old Yonah, and took it north to Kingston, Georgia, keeping up the pressure on Andrews. The raiders began raising rails and cutting telegraph wires to delay their pursuers, although an attempt to burn a covered bridge failed. At Kingston, Fuller took command of the newer, faster William R. Smith and headed north to Adairsville. The tracks two miles (3 km) south of Adairsville were broken by the raiders and Fuller had to run the two miles by foot.
Once at Adairsville, the determined Fuller appropriated the southbound locomotive Texas and again chased the General, although the Texas was in reverse. Concurrently, Andrews' Raiders were cutting the telegraph wires so no transmissions could go through to Chattanooga. With the Texas still chasing the General in reverse, the pair of trains sped through Dalton and Tunnel Hill, to the surprise of local residents and railroad workers.
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At milepost 116.3 (north of Ringgold), Andrews' Raiders abandoned the General and scattered from the locomotive just a few miles short of their destination of Chattanooga. Andrews and most of his raiders were soon captured and taken to Atlanta for trial. After they were found guilty of espionage and conspiracy, Andrews and several members of his party were executed by hanging.
The Georgia State Assembly later noted that, "The conduct of Mr. Fuller, the Conductor, and of some others in the hazardous pursuit, while the spies were in possession of the train, deserves the highest commendation and entitles them to the consideration of the General Assembly."[1]
Following his successful pursuit of Andrews' Raiders, Fuller was commissioned by Governor Joseph E. Brown on August 3, 1863, for a six-month term as a captain in the Independent State Road Guards. His commission was renewed for another term in February 1864. Fuller hired and trained militia to serve as guards on Georgia's railroads to prevent a recurrence of Andrews' Raid.
After the War
Following the Civil War, Fuller served as the Chief Marshal for the city of Atlanta from September to October 1865. Fuller resigned from the W&ARR in January 1870 to take a position with the Macon & Western Railroad for two years. His first wife, Lulu (Asher) Fuller, died in 1872. None of their four children had survived infancy. He remarried in 1874 (to Susan C. Alford, who bore him five children). Fuller returned to work for the Western & Atlantic in 1876. In his later years, he became a merchant in Atlanta.
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Fuller died in Atlanta and was buried in the city's Oakland Cemetery. His striking monument reads: “On April 12, 1862, Captain Fuller pursued and after a race of 80 miles from Big Shanty Northward on the Western & Atlantic railroad, re-captured the historic war-engine General which had been seized by 22 Federal soldiers in disguise, thereby preventing the destruction of the bridges of the railroad and the consequent dismemberment of the Confederacy.”
In 1950, the state of Georgia commissioned a special gold medal in honor of Fuller's work during the Great Locomotive Chase. It was presented to his son, William Alford Fuller, on May 15.
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General Engineer Jeff Cain Great Locomotive Chase
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Jeff Cain (1827-1897)
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Jeff Cain, as does Anthony Murphy, rests in Atlanta's Oakland cemetery. He actually isn't far from yet another famous interment, golfer Bobby Jones. The back of Mr. Cain's tombstone gives a rendition of his role in the chase, though it is somewhat misleading: Jeff Cain. The historic engineer of the W. & A. R. R. manned the famous General on the thrilling wartime run. It was he who drove the locomotive in the historic chase of the Andrews raders May 12, 1862.
Here's an obituary for Jeff Cain that may also contain a couple of minor inaccuracies:
"JEFF" CAIN AT REST.
His Chase of the Andrews Raiders in Georgia in 1862 Made Him a Famous Engineer.
ATLANTA, Ga., Feb. 12. -- "Jeff" Cain, an engineer made famous by his connection with the Andrews raiders in 1862, died here yesterday, from consumption, and was buried today. Cain was born in Pennsylvania, in 1824, and came to Georgia in 1857 to run an engine on the Western & Atlantic railroad, running from Atlanta to Chattanooga.
His train was boarded in Atlanta one day in 1862 by a dozen men, countrymen in appearance, but in reality union soldiers, who had been detailed for the hazardous duty of tearing up the Western & Atlantic road. As soon as the train was in motion they seized Conductor Fuller and Engineer Cain, dropped them off in the woods, and, putting on full steam, started north.
Cain and Fuller secured another engine, chased and captured the raiders, seven of whom were shot in Atlanta. When the war closed and the road, which is the property of the state, was put in order again, Cain was re-employed for life, and a pension ordered to be paid him whenever he became unfit for duty.
Mr. Cain was a union man at heart during the war, and really sympathized with the raiders, but felt that his duty as an employe [sic] was to his superiors, whom he faithfully served. [Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), 13 February 1897, pg. 3]
According to a route map provided by AndrewsRaid.com, engineer Jeff Cain dropped out of the chase just north of Kingston, GA, when the Confederates had to continue again on foot. This might have been due to Cain's ill health with tuberculosis.
Anthony Murphy, More than a Machinist
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Anthony Murphy's claim to fame is most likely his participation in the Great Locomotive Chase of 1862. Yet he was alive for more than 29,200 days, and that was literally just one of them. From Memoirs of Georgia (Southern Historical Association, 1895):
Anthony Murphy, capitalist, Atlanta, Ga., son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Keyes) Murphy, was born in County Wicklow, Ireland, Nov. 6, 1829. [Tombstone says Nov. 29.] ...They emigrated to the United States in 1838, and settled first in Schuylkill county, Pa...Anthony was nine years of age when his parents emigrated to this country; he lived with them until he was eighteen years of age, and was educated at the public schools. At the age mentioned he went to Trenton, N.J., where he was apprenticed to the machinist's trade. After serving three years he went to Piermont, N.Y., worked there a year in the Erie railway shops, and then went to the Pittsburgh (Pa.) shops, where he worked at his trade another year. In 1854 he came to Atlanta, and after working four years as a machinist, he ran on the road as a locomotive engineer eighteen months. After this he was made foreman of the motive power and machine shops of the Western & Atlantic (state) railway, which position he held until 1861. That year he went into the employ of the Confederate states, but at the end of six months he went to Columbia, S.C., as master machinist of the Columbia & Charlotte railway. After a short stop in Columbia he returned to Atlanta, and soon afterward went to Montgomery, Ala., and took charge of the motive power of what is now the Louisville & Nashville railway, and remained there until driven out by Gen. Wilson's raiders. After the war he came back to Atlanta and engaged in the saw-milling and lumber business.
In 1869 he built a saw-mill in Dodge county, Ga., with headquarters in Atlanta, which he continued until 1882. In this venture he was phenomenally prosperous, and at the date last named retired from active business and has since operated as a capitalist. It was during Mr. Murphy's connection with the Western & Atlantic railway (April 12, 1862) that the famous "engine chase" and capture of the locomotive "General" occurred. He was foreman of the machine and motive power, which was absolutely under his control. That morning he was called to examine an engine which supplied the power to cut wood and pump water for the locomotives at Alatoona. While at breakfast at Big Shanty (now Kennesaw) he heard a noise as of escaping steam, and at the same time noticed that the engine was moving, and remarked to the engineer and fireman, "Some one is moving your train." On reaching the door he saw the engine with three cars moving out of sight. Sending a man on horseback to Marietta to wire the superintendent, he started with the conductor and engineer on foot, knowing there was a squad of section hands with a hand, or pole-car, just ahead. Taking this the pursuit was continued until farther on they obtained an engine, with which, after overcoming all obstructions they overtook the engine just north of Ringgold, where the raiders had deserted and taken to the woods. But for his knowledge of the road and his control of the motive power which he utilized, the result might have been very different. Mr. William Pittinger, one of the Federal raiding party who escaped, in a book published by him, says: "The presence of Anthony Murphy that morning was purely accidental. As an officer of high authority on the road, commanding all engineers and firemen, knowing all the engines and everything about the road perfectly, his presence at that time was most unfortunate for us. He was a man of great coolness and good judgement. His first act was far-sighted. He sent a man on horseback to Marietta to notify the superintendent at Atlanta by wire." To Mr. Murphy, more than to any other man, is due the successful termination of that exciting "engine chase." In 1866 he was elected a member of the city council of Atlanta, and served by re-election nearly three years, and was again elected in 1870. This service was rendered during the most trying period of Atlanta's history and rendered efficiently. He originated the water works movement in 1866, was president of the water works board for some years, floated the bonds issued for their construction -- the work being completed in 1874. During this period he originated and superintended the construction of immense cisterns for saving water for fire extinguishment, was the principal mover in the matter adopting steam fire-engines and purchased the first steam fire-engine, and actively co-operated with Dr. O'Keefe in establishing the present magnificent public school system. Mr. Murphy's early training, together with his practical common sense and strictly business methods, made his services at this time of inestimable value to this city. Mr. Murphy was a jury commissioner for a number of years, and served two terms on the county board of roads and revenues, of which he was chairman of the committee on buildings, and built the present model alms-house.
He advocated the building of the Georgia Air Line (now R. & D.) and represented the city's stock, was an important factor in saving what is now the Georgia Pacific railway, was one of the promoters of the building of the Atlanta cotton factory and as one of its board of directors was an earnest and watchful worker during its construction, was one of the committee of forty-nine who formulated the present city charter which saved the city from threatened bankruptcy, and was appointed by Gov. Gordon one of the commissioners to appraise for the state the value of the road, rolling stock and betterments of the Western & Atlantic railway. Quiet, reticent, undemonstrative, he is yet an almost invincible power when brought into action -- it is only then that his true value is developed. A more evenly balanced mind is rarely found. While his head is cool, a warmer heart throbs not in the breast of man. Blessed with a sound judgement, an unbending integrity and governed by the most scrupulous exactitude in all business transactions, it excites no wonder that he has been deservedly financially successfull and is held in the very highest esteem by all who know him. Mr. Murphy was married in 1858 to Miss Adelia McConnell, who, and her parents before her, are natives of Georgia...This union has been blessed with eight children, seven of whom are living: Annie E., wife of G. H. Tanner, clerk of Fulton county superior court; Kate F., wife of Charles E. Sciples, of Sciple Sons, Atlanta, Ga.; Robert E., John K., Adelia, Anthony, Jr., and Charles C. Mr. Murphy is not a member of any church (though he was raised a Roman Catholic), but is Catholic "in spirit and in truth," liberally contributing to the dissemination of Christianity irrespective of the agency. He keeps fully abreast with the progressiveness of the age, is fully alive to the highest interests of Atlanta and is an earnest and energetic worker in promoting those interests.
ANTHONY MURPHY DEAD.
From the Tampa Tribune (Florida), all over the state of Georgia, to the Charleston News and Courier (South Carolina), and even up to the Washington Post (District of Columbia) -- Most ran the same general obituary, but some had a nuance or two. Each and every one described Mr. Murphy's participation in the Great Locomotive Chase to some degree.The Macon Telegraph (Georgia) added that Murphy was a builder of Atlanta and that he left a fortune estimated at between two and three hundred thousand dollars.Died Wealthy was part of the headline in the Augusta Chronicle (Georgia). It stated, "The war left Murphy penniless, but he set out to work again cheerfully and when he died, had amassed a fortune of half a million dollars in the saw mill and lumber business."The Charleston News and Courier (South Carolina) lauded him a southern pioneer.
LAST SAD RITES HELD OVER ANTHONY MURPHY
Funeral Services of Pioneer Atlantan Held Wednesday Afternoon.
The funeral services of Anthony Murphy took place from the residence of his daughter, Mrs. C. E. Sciple, 916 Peachtree street, yesterday afternoon at 3 o'clock, and the interment was in Oakland Cemetery.
A large gathering of friends were present to mourn for their departed fellow, and the floral offerings were many and beautiful.
The city has never seen a more public-spirited citizen than Anthony Murphy. He grew up with the town, and his every public action was directed toward the progress and welfare of Atlanta. His private life was above reproach. Considerate of everyone and having a deep understanding of and sympathy for his fellows, he made thousands of friends.
The following friends of the deceased acted as pallbearers: Frank Rice, John L. Tye, Archie Forsyth, J. R. Gray, Frank Hawkins, Preston Arkwright and A. J. Orme. The Atlanta Constitution (Georgia), 30 December 1909.
Andrew’s Raiders Marker
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When the General ran out of steam past Ringgold, Andrews gave the orders to scatter, every man for themselves, with the goal to make it back to Union lines. As Fuller towed his recovered engine back to Ringgold he spread the news about the chase and the Union Raiders in a town where a local muster day was occurring for Confederate troops. Suddenly, many men seeking the glory of capturing the Raiders joined the hunt.
Campbell, Slavens, and Shadrach were the first to be captured. Robinson and Parrott were captured as a pair, and for unknown reasons, Parrott was singled out and whipped so severely that he carried the scars for the rest of his life. Even Hawkins and Porter, left behind in Marietta at the beginning of the day were captured. They tried to enlist in a Confederate unit to avoid detection as planned, but somehow word got out that two Raiders were left in Marietta and they were both arrested. Andrews, Knight, and Wollam made it the farthest towards safety, but were arrested twelve miles from Union lines near Bridgeport. Within days all of the Raiders were captured and jailed together in Chattanooga to await trial.
Andrews was tried first on crimes of spying and treason, but the following trials were disrupted by Mitchel who continued to move towards Chattanooga. At the beginning of May, the Raiders were transferred to Madison for a period of time and then returned to Chattanooga. At the end of May, twelve of the Raiders were transported to Knoxville for trial. The same day, Andrews received the result of his trial, a death warrant for his execution on June 7. The remaining ten Raiders tried to help Andrews escape, and they were successful in getting him and one comrade out of the jail, but Andrews was quickly recaptured and Wollam would be recaptured later.
Twelve Raiders were tried in Knoxville, one per day; seven were found guilty and sentenced to hand before the trials were disrupted by Mitchel’s movement once again. Back in Chattanooga, preparations went ahead for Andrews’ execution but this too was disrupted by Mitchel’s movements. On the date set for his hanging, the Raiders were transferred abruptly to Atlanta where the they were again confined and Andrews was taken for his execution. His death did not come smoothly. When the platform dropped, Andrews’ feet could touch the ground and, while the guards scrambled to make sure he could not do so, he strangled to death instead of his neck breaking. Exactly two months after the Raiders had met for the first time and started their journey, Andrews was dead. In the crowd watching was William Fuller.
The Raiders were all reunited in Atlanta when the twelve Knoxville prisoners were transferred there. With Andrews already dead, the Raiders talked about planning their escape. But, on June 18 a detail arrived where they were confined with the news that the seven Raiders already tried were to be executed immediately. The seven men—Campbell, Robertson, Ross, Scott, Shadrach, Slavens, and George Wilson—were taken to the Atlanta Graveyard and quickly hung. There was no announcement before the execution but word did get out and a crowd witnessed the scene, including, again, Fuller. This hurried execution did not go smoothly either; when the platform dropped two ropes snapped, causing Campbell and Slavens to fall to the ground and have to be hanged an hour later.
Shape
With eight of their comrades executed, the remaining thirteen Raiders were desperate to escape, their number soon turning to fourteen with the recapture of John Wollam after weeks on the run. They appealed to Jefferson Davis and Confederate General Braxton Bragg for reprieve with no reply and the Union army was similarly silent, the men listed in their units as on “detached” or “secret” duty. Up against the wall and fearing their own executions the Raiders decided to break out of the prison they were confined in. On October 16 a group of Raiders forced their way out of their cell, overpowered the jailer, released the rest of their comrades (plus a few other Union prisoners), and burst into the courtyards, surprising the guards. Raiders Brown, Bensinger, Dorsey, Hawkins, Knight, Mason, Porter, “Alf” Wilson, Wollam, and Wood managed to escape the jail, but Buffum, Parrott, Pittenger, and Reddick were caught before they could escape. While most made their way towards Union lines, Bensinger and Mason were recaptured and returned to their four jailed comrades. The other eight escapees were successful in reaching Union lines and were all returned to their units.
The six still-jailed Raiders feared a swift execution in answer to the jailbreak, but instead they were traded in a prisoner exchange in March 1863. They were also returned to their units. All of the surviving Raiders continued to serve in the war and all survived, although some were wounded. Seven Raiders were awarded officers commissions and five were recaptured at the Battle of Chichamauga, all exchanged or escaped except Wollum who was recognized as a Raider and imprisoned. He was able to escape and survive the war.
Joseph Emerson Brown (April 15, 1821 – November 30, 1894), often referred to as Joe Brown, was an attorney and politician, serving as the 42nd Governor of Georgia from 1857 to 1865, the only governor to serve four terms. After the American Civil War, he was elected by the state legislature as a two-term U.S. Senator, serving from 1880 to 1891. Brown was a leading secessionist in 1861, and led his state into the Confederacy.
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A former Whig, and a firm believer in slavery and southern states' rights, he defied the Confederate government's wartime policies. He resisted the military draft, believing that local troops should be used only for the defense of Georgia. He denounced Confederate President Jefferson Davis as an incipient tyrant, and challenged Confederate impressment of animals and goods to supply the troops, and slaves to work in military encampments and on the lines. Several other governors followed his lead.
After the war, Brown joined the Republican Party for a time, and was appointed as chief justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1865 to 1870. Later he rejoined the Democrats, became president of the Western and Atlantic Railroad and began to amass great wealth; he was estimated to be a millionaire by 1880. He earned high profits from two decades of using mostly black convicts leased from state, county and local governments in his coal mining operations in Dade County. His Dade Coal Company bought other coal and iron companies, all based on the use of convict labor. By 1889 it was known as the Georgia Mining, Manufacturing and Investment Company. Brown and his wife were honored in 1928 by a statue installed on the state capitol grounds.
Early life and education
Joseph Emerson Brown was born April 15, 1821 in Pickens County, South Carolina to Mackey Brown and Sally (Rice) Brown. At a young age he moved with his family to Union County, Georgia. In 1840, he decided to leave the farm and seek an education. With the help of his younger brother James and his father's plow horse, Brown drove a yoke of oxen on a 125-mile trek to an academy near Anderson, South Carolina. There Brown traded the oxen for eight months' board and lodging.
In 1844, Brown moved to Canton, Georgia, where he served as headmaster of the academy at Canton. He went to Yale University to study law, then returned to Canton to practice. In 1847 he opened a law office in the county seat, and began to make the connections on which he built his fortune. He married Elizabeth Grisham, daughter of a major land developer. They had several children together.
Career
Brown joined the Democratic Party and was soon elected to the Georgia state senate in 1849 from the developing Etowah River valley. He rapidly rose as a leader in the party. He was elected as state circuit court judge in 1855.
In 1857, at the young age of 36, Brown was elected governor of the state. He supported public education for free white children, believing that it was key to development of the state. He asked the state legislature to divert a portion of profits from the state-owned railroad, the Western & Atlantic, to help fund the schools. Most planters did not support public education and paid for private tutors and academies for their children.
Brown was a minor slave owner; in 1850, he owned five slaves. By 1860 when he was governor, he owned a total of 19 slaves and several farms in Cherokee County, Georgia.
Brown became a strong supporter of secession from the United States after Lincoln's election and South Carolina's secession in 1860. He feared that Lincoln would abolish slavery. Considering it the basis of the South's lucrative plantation economy, he called upon Georgians to oppose the efforts to end slavery:
What will be the result to the institution of slavery, which will follow submission to the inauguration and administration of Mr. Lincoln as the President... it will be the total abolition of slavery... I do not doubt, therefore, that submission to the administration of Mr. Lincoln will result in the final abolition of slavery. If we fail to resist now, we will never again have the strength to resist.
— Joseph E. Brown, (December 7, 1860), emphasis added.
Once the Confederacy was established, Brown, a states' rights advocate, spoke out against expansion of the Confederate central government's powers. He denounced President Jefferson Davis in particular. Brown tried to stop Colonel Francis Bartow from taking Georgia troops out of the state to the First Battle of Bull Run. He objected strenuously to military conscription by the Confederacy.
The capture of Milledgeville
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After the fall of Atlanta, Union General William Tecumseh Sherman began his March to the Sea. On the route from Atlanta to Savannah the left wing of Sherman's army entered the city of Milledgeville, then Georgia's state capital. As U.S. troops closed in on the city, and with the fall of the capital imminent, Governor Brown ordered Quartermaster General Ira Roe Foster to remove the state records. The task proved to be difficult, as it was undertaken in the midst of chaos.
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES - 1864
Gov. Brown, thinking first of the valuable and perishable State property, ordered Gen. Ira Foster, Georgia's quartermaster general (who was always prompt and efficient), to secure its removal. Some of the books and other similar property were stored in the Lunatic Asylum, three miles out of town. A train of cars was held at the depot to carry off other State property, and Gen. Foster made herculean efforts to carry out the Governor's orders, but, such was the general terror and the rush to leave town, it was next to impossible to procure labor. When the Governor saw the condition of affairs, he went to the penitentiary, had the convicts drawn up in a line, and made them a short speech; he appealed to their patriotic pride and offered pardon to each one who would help remove the State property and then enlist for the defense of Georgia. They responded promptly, were put under the command of Gen. Foster, and did valuable service in loading the train.
When that was done each one was given a suit of gray, and a gun, and they were formed into a military company of which one of their number was captain. They were ordered to report for duty to Gen. Wayne, who was commanding a small battalion of militia at Milledgeville and also the Georgia cadets from the Military Institute at Marietta.
-- FRANCES LETCHER MITCHELL.
After the loss of Atlanta, Brown withdrew the state's militia from the Confederate forces to harvest crops for the state and the army. When Union troops under Sherman overran much of Georgia in 1864, Brown called for an end to the war.
Post-war imprisonment to Republican judgeship
After the war, Brown was briefly held as a political prisoner in Washington, D.C. He supported President Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction policies, joining the Republican Party for a time.
As a Republican, Brown was appointed as chief justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia, serving from 1865 to 1870.
Making a million
He resigned as judge when offered the presidency of the Western and Atlantic Railroad. In this role, Brown opposed efforts by a committee to revise the state constitution to establish uniform rates for freight over the multiple railroad lines in the state.
After Reconstruction ended, Brown rejoined the Democratic Party. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1880 by the state legislature, as was custom by the US constitution and state laws of the time. Soon after his election to the Senate, Brown became the first Democratic Party official in Georgia to support public education for all children. The Republican Reconstruction-era legislature was the first to establish public education in the state but the succeeding post-Reconstruction, white-dominated legislature abandoned it. Brown recommended that railroad fees be used to support it financially. Prior to this, only the elite who could afford tutors or private academies had their children formally educated.
Brown was re-elected by the state legislature in 1885 to the US Senate. He retired in 1891 due to poor health.
While Brown's political supporters claimed that he "came to Atlanta on foot with less than a dollar in his pocket after the war and...made himself all that he is by honest and laborious methods", most of his enterprises stemmed from his political connections. He amassed a fortune, in part through the use of convicts leased from state, county and local government in his coal mining operations in Dade County. His use of leased convict labor began in 1874 and continued until his death in 1894, a period that coincided with "the high tide of the convict lease system in Georgia".
The convict lease system was authorized during the period of Reconstruction, under military governor and Union general Thomas H. Ruger, who issued the first convict lease in April 1868. It was expanded during the post-Reconstruction era, when the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed new laws criminalizing a range of behavior, establishing new petty crimes and fees in order to have more men convicted and captured by the system. If unable to pay fees, they had to serve as convict labor.
In 1880 Brown, whose fortune was estimated conservatively at one million dollars, netted $98,000 from the Dade Coal Company. By 1886, Dade Coal was a parent company, owning Walker Iron and Coal, Rising Fawn Iron, Chattanooga Iron, and Rogers Railroad and Ore Banks, and leasing Castle Rock Coal Company. An 1889 reorganization resulted in the formation of the Georgia Mining, Manufacturing and Investment Company. This rested largely on a foundation of convict labor. The system has been likened by journalist Douglas A. Blackmon to "slavery by another name," in his book by that title.
A legislative committee visited Brown's mines during the same year that Brown sold them. They reported that the convict laborers were "in the very worst condition...actually being starved and have not sufficient clothing...treated with great cruelty." Of particular note to the visiting officials was that the mine claimed to have replaced whipping with the water cure torture—in which water was poured into the nostrils and lungs of the prisoners—because it allowed miners to "go to work right away" after punishment. It was not established if these practices were in place at the time that Brown sold the mine, or were instituted by the mine's new owner Joel Hurt.
Joseph M. Brown (hatless man in back of carriage) and others return to Atlanta from a racetrack in Eatonton, circa 1907. Brown served on the Georgia State Railroad Commission from 1904 until 1907 and was elected to his first term as governor in 1909., Picture
Death and legacy
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3g519D9hn-k/Uc...ussell.jpg, PictureStatue of Georgia Civil War Governor Joseph E. Brown and his wife
Joseph E. Brown died on November 30, 1894 in Atlanta, Georgia. He was honored by lying in state in the state capitol, where many people paid their respects. His towering tombstone is in Oakland Cemetery. In 1928, a memorial statue of Brown and his wife was installed on the grounds of the State Capitol. His son, Joseph Mackey Brown, would also become governor of Georgia (twice). Joseph E. Brown Hall on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens is named in his honor. The building was completed in 1932. Joseph Emerson Brown Park in Marietta, Georgia is named for him. Emerson, Georgia, referencing the governor's middle name, is named in his honor.
In fiction
In her novel Gone with the Wind, Margaret Mitchell made reference to Governor Brown, and the reception that "Joe Brown's Pets" received during General Sherman's march through Georgia in 1864. Brown had tried to keep Georgia troops in the state for local defense. Mitchell wrote:
Yes, Governor Brown's darlings are likely to smell powder at last, and I imagine most of them will be much surprised. Certainly they never expected to see action. The Governor as good as promised them they wouldn't. Well, that's a good joke on them. They thought they had bomb proofs because the Governor stood up to even Jeff Davis and refused to send them to Virginia. Said they were needed for the defense of their state. Who'd have ever thought the war would come to their own back yard and they'd really have to defend their state?
The Hibernian Benevolent Society was created in 1858 as a social, cultural and economic outlet for Irish Catholic immigrants whose population increased in antebellum Atlanta due to the city’s growing economy.
1911-Father-OReilly_ACH_Georgia Magazine, Picture Father O’Reilly
When the Civil War reached Atlanta, Father Thomas O’Reilly was head of the Church of the Immaculate Conception. During the war, Father O’Reilly ministered to both Union and Confederate soldiers and gained respect from both camps. With others, O’Reilly pleaded with General Sherman to spare homes and churches from the torch, and in the end Sherman withheld from burning City Hall, the court house, and five Atlanta churches, including Immaculate Conception.
For Father O’Reilly’s diplomacy and service, and for the bravery of the Hibernian Rifles (Irishmen who also stood in opposition to Sherman’s scorched earth campaign), in 1873 the City of Atlanta deeded the plot at Oakland Cemetery to the Hibernian Benevolent Society, who has been a wonderful steward and friend of the Foundation ever since.
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Lastly we find the grave of Carrie Berry. She was famous for her diary, describing her family's life in the Confederate south in 1864. It opens with a preface about Carrie Berry's family and the Battle for Atlanta during the War Between the States. She spoke about Atlanta events such as the bread riots and how upset the people who fled were when they got back home and found their property in ruins. They were mad to the point where they even felt resentful towards the people who stayed. Carrie's diary is particularly charming as her little girl innocence shines through. Young readers might be surprised when they read her entries on how badly she wishes she could go to school and all the fighting would stop. And right away from the first entry the reader is drawn towards the writer as she relates that "this was my birthday. I was ten years old, But I did not have a cake times were too hard so I celebrated with ironing. I hope by my next birthday we will have peace in our land so that I can have a nice dinner."
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Early life
Hill was born September 14, 1823, in Hillsboro, Georgia, in Jasper County. He was of Welsh and Irish American ancestry. He attended the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, where he was a member of the Demosthenian Literary Society and graduated in 1844 with first honors. He was admitted to the Georgia bar later in 1844. He married Caroline E. Holt in Athens, in 1845.
Early career
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Hill's home, Bellevue
Hill was a candidate representing a number of parties, reflecting the volatile politics before the American Civil War and after. He was elected to the state legislature of Georgia in 1851 as a member of the Whig Party. He supported Millard Fillmore running on the Know-Nothing ticket in 1856, and was an elector for that party in the Electoral College. In 1857, he ran for governor of Georgia unsuccessfully against the Democratic nominee Joseph E. Brown. In 1859, he was elected to the state senate as a Unionist. In 1860, he was again an elector, this time for John Bell and the Unionist party.
Hill known as "the peerless orator" for his skill in delivering speech, was the only non-Democratic member of the Georgia secession convention on January 16, 1861, where he spoke publicly against the dissolution of the Union, along with Alexander Stephens, a former opponent. Following Stephens' highly regarded argument based on a conservative reading of the Constitution, Hill struck a more pragmatic tone. His arguments related to the conservative belief that disunion would ultimately lead to the abolition of slavery and the downfall of Southern society.
He quoted Henry Ward Beecher, a Northern abolitionist who enthusiastically supported the dissolution of the Union as a means to end slavery, and described the anti-slavery Republican Party as a "disunionist" party, in contrast to the "Union men and Southern men" participating in the convention. Acknowledging the need to respond to the threat of Lincoln's election, Hill argued that his fellow Georgians should continue to resist Lincoln democratically within the bounds of the Constitution. He compared this course to George Washington, "so cool, so brave, and so thoughtful." He argued that the Northern states would eventually follow the British course of rising abolitionist thought, followed by acceptance again of slavery due to economic necessity. But he allowed that the South should prepare for secession and war if it should become necessary.
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Hill voted against secession, but became a political ally of Jefferson Davis, who was elected as president of the Confederacy. When the Confederate government was formed, Hill transferred to the Confederate Provisional Congress. He was subsequently elected by the Georgia legislature to the Confederate States Senate, a term which he held throughout its existence.
At one point in the Senate, Hill and fellow Senator William Lowndes Yancey had to be separated by other members after a bloody scuffle on the floor.
At the end of the Civil War, Hill was arrested as a Confederate official by the Union and confined in Fort Lafayette from May until July in 1865.
Later career
Unlike many Confederate politicians, Hill had a long and distinguished career as a "reconstructed" Southerner and U.S. politician. He ultimately became a Democrat after the Civil War ended. He spoke out passionately against Radical Reconstruction and in the summer of 1867 made a series of speeches in Atlanta, the most famous being the Davis House speech of July 16, 1867, denouncing the Reconstruction Acts of 1867. His courage and eloquence enhanced his regional fame and won him national recognition.
In 1875, he was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives, serving from May 5, 1875 - March 3, 1877. He quickly won a reputation as a spokesman for the South. He was later elected by the Georgia legislature to the U.S. Senate on January 26, 1877, as Reconstruction was ending. He served in the U.S. Senate from March 4, 1877, until his death on August 16, 1882. His obituary was featured on the front page of the Atlanta Constitution, on August 17, 1882.
Death
Hill is buried in historic Oakland Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia.
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Legacy
There is a life-size statue of Hill looking down from atop a similarly sized plinth inside the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta, Georgia, as well as a larger than life portrait in the Capitol Rotunda. Ben Hill County, Georgia is named in his honor.
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William Allen Fuller (April 15, 1836 – December 28, 1905) was a conductor on the Western & Atlantic Railroad during the American Civil War era. He was most noted for his role in the 1862 Great Locomotive Chase, a daring sabotage mission and raid conducted by soldiers of the Union Army in northern Georgia. Fuller's determined pursuit prevented the Union agents from driving a captured train north to Tennessee and the Union lines.
Early life
Fuller was born at Morrow Station in rural Henry County, Georgia, to William Alexander Fuller. He was educated in local schools and married quite young.
He began working for the Western & Atlantic Railroad on September 8, 1855, at the age of 19. By the beginning of the Civil War in 1861, Fuller served as a conductor on trains running from Atlanta.
Great Locomotive Chase
On the morning of April 12, 1862, the locomotive General was stopped at Big Shanty (now Kennesaw, Georgia) so that the crew and passengers could have breakfast. While they were dining in the Lacey Hotel, Federal spy James J. Andrews and his party of Union volunteers commandeered the General, its tender, and a few boxcars and steamed northward. An astonished Fuller chased the stolen train by foot and then by handcar. At Etowah, Fuller commandeered another locomotive, the old Yonah, and took it north to Kingston, Georgia, keeping up the pressure on Andrews. The raiders began raising rails and cutting telegraph wires to delay their pursuers, although an attempt to burn a covered bridge failed. At Kingston, Fuller took command of the newer, faster William R. Smith and headed north to Adairsville. The tracks two miles (3 km) south of Adairsville were broken by the raiders and Fuller had to run the two miles by foot.
Once at Adairsville, the determined Fuller appropriated the southbound locomotive Texas and again chased the General, although the Texas was in reverse. Concurrently, Andrews' Raiders were cutting the telegraph wires so no transmissions could go through to Chattanooga. With the Texas still chasing the General in reverse, the pair of trains sped through Dalton and Tunnel Hill, to the surprise of local residents and railroad workers.
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At milepost 116.3 (north of Ringgold), Andrews' Raiders abandoned the General and scattered from the locomotive just a few miles short of their destination of Chattanooga. Andrews and most of his raiders were soon captured and taken to Atlanta for trial. After they were found guilty of espionage and conspiracy, Andrews and several members of his party were executed by hanging.
The Georgia State Assembly later noted that, "The conduct of Mr. Fuller, the Conductor, and of some others in the hazardous pursuit, while the spies were in possession of the train, deserves the highest commendation and entitles them to the consideration of the General Assembly."[1]
Following his successful pursuit of Andrews' Raiders, Fuller was commissioned by Governor Joseph E. Brown on August 3, 1863, for a six-month term as a captain in the Independent State Road Guards. His commission was renewed for another term in February 1864. Fuller hired and trained militia to serve as guards on Georgia's railroads to prevent a recurrence of Andrews' Raid.
After the War
Following the Civil War, Fuller served as the Chief Marshal for the city of Atlanta from September to October 1865. Fuller resigned from the W&ARR in January 1870 to take a position with the Macon & Western Railroad for two years. His first wife, Lulu (Asher) Fuller, died in 1872. None of their four children had survived infancy. He remarried in 1874 (to Susan C. Alford, who bore him five children). Fuller returned to work for the Western & Atlantic in 1876. In his later years, he became a merchant in Atlanta.
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Fuller died in Atlanta and was buried in the city's Oakland Cemetery. His striking monument reads: “On April 12, 1862, Captain Fuller pursued and after a race of 80 miles from Big Shanty Northward on the Western & Atlantic railroad, re-captured the historic war-engine General which had been seized by 22 Federal soldiers in disguise, thereby preventing the destruction of the bridges of the railroad and the consequent dismemberment of the Confederacy.”
In 1950, the state of Georgia commissioned a special gold medal in honor of Fuller's work during the Great Locomotive Chase. It was presented to his son, William Alford Fuller, on May 15.
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General Engineer Jeff Cain Great Locomotive Chase
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Jeff Cain (1827-1897)
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Jeff Cain, as does Anthony Murphy, rests in Atlanta's Oakland cemetery. He actually isn't far from yet another famous interment, golfer Bobby Jones. The back of Mr. Cain's tombstone gives a rendition of his role in the chase, though it is somewhat misleading: Jeff Cain. The historic engineer of the W. & A. R. R. manned the famous General on the thrilling wartime run. It was he who drove the locomotive in the historic chase of the Andrews raders May 12, 1862.
Here's an obituary for Jeff Cain that may also contain a couple of minor inaccuracies:
"JEFF" CAIN AT REST.
His Chase of the Andrews Raiders in Georgia in 1862 Made Him a Famous Engineer.
ATLANTA, Ga., Feb. 12. -- "Jeff" Cain, an engineer made famous by his connection with the Andrews raiders in 1862, died here yesterday, from consumption, and was buried today. Cain was born in Pennsylvania, in 1824, and came to Georgia in 1857 to run an engine on the Western & Atlantic railroad, running from Atlanta to Chattanooga.
His train was boarded in Atlanta one day in 1862 by a dozen men, countrymen in appearance, but in reality union soldiers, who had been detailed for the hazardous duty of tearing up the Western & Atlantic road. As soon as the train was in motion they seized Conductor Fuller and Engineer Cain, dropped them off in the woods, and, putting on full steam, started north.
Cain and Fuller secured another engine, chased and captured the raiders, seven of whom were shot in Atlanta. When the war closed and the road, which is the property of the state, was put in order again, Cain was re-employed for life, and a pension ordered to be paid him whenever he became unfit for duty.
Mr. Cain was a union man at heart during the war, and really sympathized with the raiders, but felt that his duty as an employe [sic] was to his superiors, whom he faithfully served. [Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), 13 February 1897, pg. 3]
According to a route map provided by AndrewsRaid.com, engineer Jeff Cain dropped out of the chase just north of Kingston, GA, when the Confederates had to continue again on foot. This might have been due to Cain's ill health with tuberculosis.
Anthony Murphy, More than a Machinist
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Anthony Murphy's claim to fame is most likely his participation in the Great Locomotive Chase of 1862. Yet he was alive for more than 29,200 days, and that was literally just one of them. From Memoirs of Georgia (Southern Historical Association, 1895):
Anthony Murphy, capitalist, Atlanta, Ga., son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Keyes) Murphy, was born in County Wicklow, Ireland, Nov. 6, 1829. [Tombstone says Nov. 29.] ...They emigrated to the United States in 1838, and settled first in Schuylkill county, Pa...Anthony was nine years of age when his parents emigrated to this country; he lived with them until he was eighteen years of age, and was educated at the public schools. At the age mentioned he went to Trenton, N.J., where he was apprenticed to the machinist's trade. After serving three years he went to Piermont, N.Y., worked there a year in the Erie railway shops, and then went to the Pittsburgh (Pa.) shops, where he worked at his trade another year. In 1854 he came to Atlanta, and after working four years as a machinist, he ran on the road as a locomotive engineer eighteen months. After this he was made foreman of the motive power and machine shops of the Western & Atlantic (state) railway, which position he held until 1861. That year he went into the employ of the Confederate states, but at the end of six months he went to Columbia, S.C., as master machinist of the Columbia & Charlotte railway. After a short stop in Columbia he returned to Atlanta, and soon afterward went to Montgomery, Ala., and took charge of the motive power of what is now the Louisville & Nashville railway, and remained there until driven out by Gen. Wilson's raiders. After the war he came back to Atlanta and engaged in the saw-milling and lumber business.
In 1869 he built a saw-mill in Dodge county, Ga., with headquarters in Atlanta, which he continued until 1882. In this venture he was phenomenally prosperous, and at the date last named retired from active business and has since operated as a capitalist. It was during Mr. Murphy's connection with the Western & Atlantic railway (April 12, 1862) that the famous "engine chase" and capture of the locomotive "General" occurred. He was foreman of the machine and motive power, which was absolutely under his control. That morning he was called to examine an engine which supplied the power to cut wood and pump water for the locomotives at Alatoona. While at breakfast at Big Shanty (now Kennesaw) he heard a noise as of escaping steam, and at the same time noticed that the engine was moving, and remarked to the engineer and fireman, "Some one is moving your train." On reaching the door he saw the engine with three cars moving out of sight. Sending a man on horseback to Marietta to wire the superintendent, he started with the conductor and engineer on foot, knowing there was a squad of section hands with a hand, or pole-car, just ahead. Taking this the pursuit was continued until farther on they obtained an engine, with which, after overcoming all obstructions they overtook the engine just north of Ringgold, where the raiders had deserted and taken to the woods. But for his knowledge of the road and his control of the motive power which he utilized, the result might have been very different. Mr. William Pittinger, one of the Federal raiding party who escaped, in a book published by him, says: "The presence of Anthony Murphy that morning was purely accidental. As an officer of high authority on the road, commanding all engineers and firemen, knowing all the engines and everything about the road perfectly, his presence at that time was most unfortunate for us. He was a man of great coolness and good judgement. His first act was far-sighted. He sent a man on horseback to Marietta to notify the superintendent at Atlanta by wire." To Mr. Murphy, more than to any other man, is due the successful termination of that exciting "engine chase." In 1866 he was elected a member of the city council of Atlanta, and served by re-election nearly three years, and was again elected in 1870. This service was rendered during the most trying period of Atlanta's history and rendered efficiently. He originated the water works movement in 1866, was president of the water works board for some years, floated the bonds issued for their construction -- the work being completed in 1874. During this period he originated and superintended the construction of immense cisterns for saving water for fire extinguishment, was the principal mover in the matter adopting steam fire-engines and purchased the first steam fire-engine, and actively co-operated with Dr. O'Keefe in establishing the present magnificent public school system. Mr. Murphy's early training, together with his practical common sense and strictly business methods, made his services at this time of inestimable value to this city. Mr. Murphy was a jury commissioner for a number of years, and served two terms on the county board of roads and revenues, of which he was chairman of the committee on buildings, and built the present model alms-house.
He advocated the building of the Georgia Air Line (now R. & D.) and represented the city's stock, was an important factor in saving what is now the Georgia Pacific railway, was one of the promoters of the building of the Atlanta cotton factory and as one of its board of directors was an earnest and watchful worker during its construction, was one of the committee of forty-nine who formulated the present city charter which saved the city from threatened bankruptcy, and was appointed by Gov. Gordon one of the commissioners to appraise for the state the value of the road, rolling stock and betterments of the Western & Atlantic railway. Quiet, reticent, undemonstrative, he is yet an almost invincible power when brought into action -- it is only then that his true value is developed. A more evenly balanced mind is rarely found. While his head is cool, a warmer heart throbs not in the breast of man. Blessed with a sound judgement, an unbending integrity and governed by the most scrupulous exactitude in all business transactions, it excites no wonder that he has been deservedly financially successfull and is held in the very highest esteem by all who know him. Mr. Murphy was married in 1858 to Miss Adelia McConnell, who, and her parents before her, are natives of Georgia...This union has been blessed with eight children, seven of whom are living: Annie E., wife of G. H. Tanner, clerk of Fulton county superior court; Kate F., wife of Charles E. Sciples, of Sciple Sons, Atlanta, Ga.; Robert E., John K., Adelia, Anthony, Jr., and Charles C. Mr. Murphy is not a member of any church (though he was raised a Roman Catholic), but is Catholic "in spirit and in truth," liberally contributing to the dissemination of Christianity irrespective of the agency. He keeps fully abreast with the progressiveness of the age, is fully alive to the highest interests of Atlanta and is an earnest and energetic worker in promoting those interests.
ANTHONY MURPHY DEAD.
From the Tampa Tribune (Florida), all over the state of Georgia, to the Charleston News and Courier (South Carolina), and even up to the Washington Post (District of Columbia) -- Most ran the same general obituary, but some had a nuance or two. Each and every one described Mr. Murphy's participation in the Great Locomotive Chase to some degree.The Macon Telegraph (Georgia) added that Murphy was a builder of Atlanta and that he left a fortune estimated at between two and three hundred thousand dollars.Died Wealthy was part of the headline in the Augusta Chronicle (Georgia). It stated, "The war left Murphy penniless, but he set out to work again cheerfully and when he died, had amassed a fortune of half a million dollars in the saw mill and lumber business."The Charleston News and Courier (South Carolina) lauded him a southern pioneer.
LAST SAD RITES HELD OVER ANTHONY MURPHY
Funeral Services of Pioneer Atlantan Held Wednesday Afternoon.
The funeral services of Anthony Murphy took place from the residence of his daughter, Mrs. C. E. Sciple, 916 Peachtree street, yesterday afternoon at 3 o'clock, and the interment was in Oakland Cemetery.
A large gathering of friends were present to mourn for their departed fellow, and the floral offerings were many and beautiful.
The city has never seen a more public-spirited citizen than Anthony Murphy. He grew up with the town, and his every public action was directed toward the progress and welfare of Atlanta. His private life was above reproach. Considerate of everyone and having a deep understanding of and sympathy for his fellows, he made thousands of friends.
The following friends of the deceased acted as pallbearers: Frank Rice, John L. Tye, Archie Forsyth, J. R. Gray, Frank Hawkins, Preston Arkwright and A. J. Orme. The Atlanta Constitution (Georgia), 30 December 1909.
Andrew’s Raiders Marker
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When the General ran out of steam past Ringgold, Andrews gave the orders to scatter, every man for themselves, with the goal to make it back to Union lines. As Fuller towed his recovered engine back to Ringgold he spread the news about the chase and the Union Raiders in a town where a local muster day was occurring for Confederate troops. Suddenly, many men seeking the glory of capturing the Raiders joined the hunt.
Campbell, Slavens, and Shadrach were the first to be captured. Robinson and Parrott were captured as a pair, and for unknown reasons, Parrott was singled out and whipped so severely that he carried the scars for the rest of his life. Even Hawkins and Porter, left behind in Marietta at the beginning of the day were captured. They tried to enlist in a Confederate unit to avoid detection as planned, but somehow word got out that two Raiders were left in Marietta and they were both arrested. Andrews, Knight, and Wollam made it the farthest towards safety, but were arrested twelve miles from Union lines near Bridgeport. Within days all of the Raiders were captured and jailed together in Chattanooga to await trial.
Andrews was tried first on crimes of spying and treason, but the following trials were disrupted by Mitchel who continued to move towards Chattanooga. At the beginning of May, the Raiders were transferred to Madison for a period of time and then returned to Chattanooga. At the end of May, twelve of the Raiders were transported to Knoxville for trial. The same day, Andrews received the result of his trial, a death warrant for his execution on June 7. The remaining ten Raiders tried to help Andrews escape, and they were successful in getting him and one comrade out of the jail, but Andrews was quickly recaptured and Wollam would be recaptured later.
Twelve Raiders were tried in Knoxville, one per day; seven were found guilty and sentenced to hand before the trials were disrupted by Mitchel’s movement once again. Back in Chattanooga, preparations went ahead for Andrews’ execution but this too was disrupted by Mitchel’s movements. On the date set for his hanging, the Raiders were transferred abruptly to Atlanta where the they were again confined and Andrews was taken for his execution. His death did not come smoothly. When the platform dropped, Andrews’ feet could touch the ground and, while the guards scrambled to make sure he could not do so, he strangled to death instead of his neck breaking. Exactly two months after the Raiders had met for the first time and started their journey, Andrews was dead. In the crowd watching was William Fuller.
The Raiders were all reunited in Atlanta when the twelve Knoxville prisoners were transferred there. With Andrews already dead, the Raiders talked about planning their escape. But, on June 18 a detail arrived where they were confined with the news that the seven Raiders already tried were to be executed immediately. The seven men—Campbell, Robertson, Ross, Scott, Shadrach, Slavens, and George Wilson—were taken to the Atlanta Graveyard and quickly hung. There was no announcement before the execution but word did get out and a crowd witnessed the scene, including, again, Fuller. This hurried execution did not go smoothly either; when the platform dropped two ropes snapped, causing Campbell and Slavens to fall to the ground and have to be hanged an hour later.
Shape
With eight of their comrades executed, the remaining thirteen Raiders were desperate to escape, their number soon turning to fourteen with the recapture of John Wollam after weeks on the run. They appealed to Jefferson Davis and Confederate General Braxton Bragg for reprieve with no reply and the Union army was similarly silent, the men listed in their units as on “detached” or “secret” duty. Up against the wall and fearing their own executions the Raiders decided to break out of the prison they were confined in. On October 16 a group of Raiders forced their way out of their cell, overpowered the jailer, released the rest of their comrades (plus a few other Union prisoners), and burst into the courtyards, surprising the guards. Raiders Brown, Bensinger, Dorsey, Hawkins, Knight, Mason, Porter, “Alf” Wilson, Wollam, and Wood managed to escape the jail, but Buffum, Parrott, Pittenger, and Reddick were caught before they could escape. While most made their way towards Union lines, Bensinger and Mason were recaptured and returned to their four jailed comrades. The other eight escapees were successful in reaching Union lines and were all returned to their units.
The six still-jailed Raiders feared a swift execution in answer to the jailbreak, but instead they were traded in a prisoner exchange in March 1863. They were also returned to their units. All of the surviving Raiders continued to serve in the war and all survived, although some were wounded. Seven Raiders were awarded officers commissions and five were recaptured at the Battle of Chichamauga, all exchanged or escaped except Wollum who was recognized as a Raider and imprisoned. He was able to escape and survive the war.
Joseph Emerson Brown (April 15, 1821 – November 30, 1894), often referred to as Joe Brown, was an attorney and politician, serving as the 42nd Governor of Georgia from 1857 to 1865, the only governor to serve four terms. After the American Civil War, he was elected by the state legislature as a two-term U.S. Senator, serving from 1880 to 1891. Brown was a leading secessionist in 1861, and led his state into the Confederacy.
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A former Whig, and a firm believer in slavery and southern states' rights, he defied the Confederate government's wartime policies. He resisted the military draft, believing that local troops should be used only for the defense of Georgia. He denounced Confederate President Jefferson Davis as an incipient tyrant, and challenged Confederate impressment of animals and goods to supply the troops, and slaves to work in military encampments and on the lines. Several other governors followed his lead.
After the war, Brown joined the Republican Party for a time, and was appointed as chief justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1865 to 1870. Later he rejoined the Democrats, became president of the Western and Atlantic Railroad and began to amass great wealth; he was estimated to be a millionaire by 1880. He earned high profits from two decades of using mostly black convicts leased from state, county and local governments in his coal mining operations in Dade County. His Dade Coal Company bought other coal and iron companies, all based on the use of convict labor. By 1889 it was known as the Georgia Mining, Manufacturing and Investment Company. Brown and his wife were honored in 1928 by a statue installed on the state capitol grounds.
Early life and education
Joseph Emerson Brown was born April 15, 1821 in Pickens County, South Carolina to Mackey Brown and Sally (Rice) Brown. At a young age he moved with his family to Union County, Georgia. In 1840, he decided to leave the farm and seek an education. With the help of his younger brother James and his father's plow horse, Brown drove a yoke of oxen on a 125-mile trek to an academy near Anderson, South Carolina. There Brown traded the oxen for eight months' board and lodging.
In 1844, Brown moved to Canton, Georgia, where he served as headmaster of the academy at Canton. He went to Yale University to study law, then returned to Canton to practice. In 1847 he opened a law office in the county seat, and began to make the connections on which he built his fortune. He married Elizabeth Grisham, daughter of a major land developer. They had several children together.
Career
Brown joined the Democratic Party and was soon elected to the Georgia state senate in 1849 from the developing Etowah River valley. He rapidly rose as a leader in the party. He was elected as state circuit court judge in 1855.
In 1857, at the young age of 36, Brown was elected governor of the state. He supported public education for free white children, believing that it was key to development of the state. He asked the state legislature to divert a portion of profits from the state-owned railroad, the Western & Atlantic, to help fund the schools. Most planters did not support public education and paid for private tutors and academies for their children.
Brown was a minor slave owner; in 1850, he owned five slaves. By 1860 when he was governor, he owned a total of 19 slaves and several farms in Cherokee County, Georgia.
Brown became a strong supporter of secession from the United States after Lincoln's election and South Carolina's secession in 1860. He feared that Lincoln would abolish slavery. Considering it the basis of the South's lucrative plantation economy, he called upon Georgians to oppose the efforts to end slavery:
What will be the result to the institution of slavery, which will follow submission to the inauguration and administration of Mr. Lincoln as the President... it will be the total abolition of slavery... I do not doubt, therefore, that submission to the administration of Mr. Lincoln will result in the final abolition of slavery. If we fail to resist now, we will never again have the strength to resist.
— Joseph E. Brown, (December 7, 1860), emphasis added.
Once the Confederacy was established, Brown, a states' rights advocate, spoke out against expansion of the Confederate central government's powers. He denounced President Jefferson Davis in particular. Brown tried to stop Colonel Francis Bartow from taking Georgia troops out of the state to the First Battle of Bull Run. He objected strenuously to military conscription by the Confederacy.
The capture of Milledgeville
http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/736x/2...9a1be4.jpg, Picture Old Governor’s mansion Milledgeville.
After the fall of Atlanta, Union General William Tecumseh Sherman began his March to the Sea. On the route from Atlanta to Savannah the left wing of Sherman's army entered the city of Milledgeville, then Georgia's state capital. As U.S. troops closed in on the city, and with the fall of the capital imminent, Governor Brown ordered Quartermaster General Ira Roe Foster to remove the state records. The task proved to be difficult, as it was undertaken in the midst of chaos.
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES - 1864
Gov. Brown, thinking first of the valuable and perishable State property, ordered Gen. Ira Foster, Georgia's quartermaster general (who was always prompt and efficient), to secure its removal. Some of the books and other similar property were stored in the Lunatic Asylum, three miles out of town. A train of cars was held at the depot to carry off other State property, and Gen. Foster made herculean efforts to carry out the Governor's orders, but, such was the general terror and the rush to leave town, it was next to impossible to procure labor. When the Governor saw the condition of affairs, he went to the penitentiary, had the convicts drawn up in a line, and made them a short speech; he appealed to their patriotic pride and offered pardon to each one who would help remove the State property and then enlist for the defense of Georgia. They responded promptly, were put under the command of Gen. Foster, and did valuable service in loading the train.
When that was done each one was given a suit of gray, and a gun, and they were formed into a military company of which one of their number was captain. They were ordered to report for duty to Gen. Wayne, who was commanding a small battalion of militia at Milledgeville and also the Georgia cadets from the Military Institute at Marietta.
-- FRANCES LETCHER MITCHELL.
After the loss of Atlanta, Brown withdrew the state's militia from the Confederate forces to harvest crops for the state and the army. When Union troops under Sherman overran much of Georgia in 1864, Brown called for an end to the war.
Post-war imprisonment to Republican judgeship
After the war, Brown was briefly held as a political prisoner in Washington, D.C. He supported President Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction policies, joining the Republican Party for a time.
As a Republican, Brown was appointed as chief justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia, serving from 1865 to 1870.
Making a million
He resigned as judge when offered the presidency of the Western and Atlantic Railroad. In this role, Brown opposed efforts by a committee to revise the state constitution to establish uniform rates for freight over the multiple railroad lines in the state.
After Reconstruction ended, Brown rejoined the Democratic Party. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1880 by the state legislature, as was custom by the US constitution and state laws of the time. Soon after his election to the Senate, Brown became the first Democratic Party official in Georgia to support public education for all children. The Republican Reconstruction-era legislature was the first to establish public education in the state but the succeeding post-Reconstruction, white-dominated legislature abandoned it. Brown recommended that railroad fees be used to support it financially. Prior to this, only the elite who could afford tutors or private academies had their children formally educated.
Brown was re-elected by the state legislature in 1885 to the US Senate. He retired in 1891 due to poor health.
While Brown's political supporters claimed that he "came to Atlanta on foot with less than a dollar in his pocket after the war and...made himself all that he is by honest and laborious methods", most of his enterprises stemmed from his political connections. He amassed a fortune, in part through the use of convicts leased from state, county and local government in his coal mining operations in Dade County. His use of leased convict labor began in 1874 and continued until his death in 1894, a period that coincided with "the high tide of the convict lease system in Georgia".
The convict lease system was authorized during the period of Reconstruction, under military governor and Union general Thomas H. Ruger, who issued the first convict lease in April 1868. It was expanded during the post-Reconstruction era, when the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed new laws criminalizing a range of behavior, establishing new petty crimes and fees in order to have more men convicted and captured by the system. If unable to pay fees, they had to serve as convict labor.
In 1880 Brown, whose fortune was estimated conservatively at one million dollars, netted $98,000 from the Dade Coal Company. By 1886, Dade Coal was a parent company, owning Walker Iron and Coal, Rising Fawn Iron, Chattanooga Iron, and Rogers Railroad and Ore Banks, and leasing Castle Rock Coal Company. An 1889 reorganization resulted in the formation of the Georgia Mining, Manufacturing and Investment Company. This rested largely on a foundation of convict labor. The system has been likened by journalist Douglas A. Blackmon to "slavery by another name," in his book by that title.
A legislative committee visited Brown's mines during the same year that Brown sold them. They reported that the convict laborers were "in the very worst condition...actually being starved and have not sufficient clothing...treated with great cruelty." Of particular note to the visiting officials was that the mine claimed to have replaced whipping with the water cure torture—in which water was poured into the nostrils and lungs of the prisoners—because it allowed miners to "go to work right away" after punishment. It was not established if these practices were in place at the time that Brown sold the mine, or were instituted by the mine's new owner Joel Hurt.
Joseph M. Brown (hatless man in back of carriage) and others return to Atlanta from a racetrack in Eatonton, circa 1907. Brown served on the Georgia State Railroad Commission from 1904 until 1907 and was elected to his first term as governor in 1909., Picture
Death and legacy
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3g519D9hn-k/Uc...ussell.jpg, PictureStatue of Georgia Civil War Governor Joseph E. Brown and his wife
Joseph E. Brown died on November 30, 1894 in Atlanta, Georgia. He was honored by lying in state in the state capitol, where many people paid their respects. His towering tombstone is in Oakland Cemetery. In 1928, a memorial statue of Brown and his wife was installed on the grounds of the State Capitol. His son, Joseph Mackey Brown, would also become governor of Georgia (twice). Joseph E. Brown Hall on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens is named in his honor. The building was completed in 1932. Joseph Emerson Brown Park in Marietta, Georgia is named for him. Emerson, Georgia, referencing the governor's middle name, is named in his honor.
In fiction
In her novel Gone with the Wind, Margaret Mitchell made reference to Governor Brown, and the reception that "Joe Brown's Pets" received during General Sherman's march through Georgia in 1864. Brown had tried to keep Georgia troops in the state for local defense. Mitchell wrote:
Yes, Governor Brown's darlings are likely to smell powder at last, and I imagine most of them will be much surprised. Certainly they never expected to see action. The Governor as good as promised them they wouldn't. Well, that's a good joke on them. They thought they had bomb proofs because the Governor stood up to even Jeff Davis and refused to send them to Virginia. Said they were needed for the defense of their state. Who'd have ever thought the war would come to their own back yard and they'd really have to defend their state?
The Hibernian Benevolent Society was created in 1858 as a social, cultural and economic outlet for Irish Catholic immigrants whose population increased in antebellum Atlanta due to the city’s growing economy.
1911-Father-OReilly_ACH_Georgia Magazine, Picture Father O’Reilly
When the Civil War reached Atlanta, Father Thomas O’Reilly was head of the Church of the Immaculate Conception. During the war, Father O’Reilly ministered to both Union and Confederate soldiers and gained respect from both camps. With others, O’Reilly pleaded with General Sherman to spare homes and churches from the torch, and in the end Sherman withheld from burning City Hall, the court house, and five Atlanta churches, including Immaculate Conception.
For Father O’Reilly’s diplomacy and service, and for the bravery of the Hibernian Rifles (Irishmen who also stood in opposition to Sherman’s scorched earth campaign), in 1873 the City of Atlanta deeded the plot at Oakland Cemetery to the Hibernian Benevolent Society, who has been a wonderful steward and friend of the Foundation ever since.
http://www.hmdb.org/Photos2/240/Photo240256.jpg, Picture
Lastly we find the grave of Carrie Berry. She was famous for her diary, describing her family's life in the Confederate south in 1864. It opens with a preface about Carrie Berry's family and the Battle for Atlanta during the War Between the States. She spoke about Atlanta events such as the bread riots and how upset the people who fled were when they got back home and found their property in ruins. They were mad to the point where they even felt resentful towards the people who stayed. Carrie's diary is particularly charming as her little girl innocence shines through. Young readers might be surprised when they read her entries on how badly she wishes she could go to school and all the fighting would stop. And right away from the first entry the reader is drawn towards the writer as she relates that "this was my birthday. I was ten years old, But I did not have a cake times were too hard so I celebrated with ironing. I hope by my next birthday we will have peace in our land so that I can have a nice dinner."
http://www.oaklandcemetery.com/wp-conten...-Berry.jpg, Picture
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